Phyllodes Tumors of the Breast

#Breast Cancer #types #phyllode #ducts #lobules #Connective_tissue #Biopsy #mammogram #physical_exam #MRI #Ultrasound
Breast cancers called carcinomas, which develop inside the ducts (milk-carrying tubes) or lobules (milk-producing glands) of the breast, phyllodes tumors start outside of the ducts and lobules. Phyllodes tumors develop in the breast's connective tissue, called the stroma. The stroma includes the fatty tissue and ligaments that surround the ducts, lobules, and blood and lymph vessels in the breast. It may be helpful to think of the stroma as the tissue that "holds everything together" inside the breast. In addition to stromal cells, phyllodes tumors can also contain cells from the ducts and lobules.

The most common symptom of a phyllodes tumor is a breast lump that you or your doctor can feel while examining the breasts. Phyllodes tumors tend to grow quickly, within a period of weeks or months, to a size of 2-3 cm or sometimes larger. This rapid growth does not automatically mean the phyllodes tumor is malignant; benign tumors can grow quickly, too. The lump is usually not painful. If left unchecked, the lump can create a visible bulge as it pushes against the skin. In more advanced cases — whether benign, borderline, or malignant — a phyllodes tumor can cause an ulcer or open wound to form on the breast skin.

Paget's Disease of the Nipple

#Cancer # Breast_Cancer #Paget's_disease_Nipple #pain #flattening #yellowish_discharge #Be a part of these Prestigious event with experts #Breast_cancer_summit 2019



Paget's disease of the nipple is a rare form of breast cancer in which cancer cells collect in or around the nipple. Cancer usually affects the ducts of the nipple first (small milk-carrying tubes), then spreads to the nipple surface and the areola (the dark circle of skin around the nipple). The nipple and areola often become scaly, red, itchy, and irritated.
Doctors are not yet completely sure how Paget's disease develops. One possibility is that the cancer cells start growing inside the milk ducts within the breast and then make their way out to the nipple surface. This would appear to explain why so many people with Paget's disease of the nipple have a second area of cancer within the breast. Another theory is that the cells of the nipple itself become cancerous. This theory would explain the small number of people who: (1) only have Paget's disease in the nipple, or (2) have a second breast cancer that appears to be completely separate from the Paget's disease.
Paget's disease of the nipple is more common in women, but like other forms of breast cancer, it can also affect men. The disease usually develops after age 50. According to the National Cancer Institute, the average age of diagnosis in women is 62, and in men, 69. 

Molecular Sub-types of Breast cancer

There are five main intrinsic or molecular subtypes of breast cancer that are based on the genes cancer expresses:

#Cancer #Breast Cancer #types #Subtype #Molecular #Luminal_A #Luminla B #Triple Negative #HER2 Enriched #Normal

• Luminal A breast cancer is hormone-receptor-positive (estrogen-receptor and/or progesterone-receptor positive), HER2 negative, and has low levels of the protein Ki-67, which helps control how fast cancer cells grow. Luminal A cancers are low-grade, tend to grow slowly and have the best prognosis.
• Luminal B breast cancer is hormone-receptor-positive (estrogen-receptor and/or progesterone-receptor positive), and either HER2 positive or HER2 negative with high levels of Ki-67. Luminal B cancers generally grow slightly faster than luminal A cancers and their prognosis is slightly worse.
• Triple-negative/basal-like breast cancer is hormone-receptor-negative (estrogen-receptor and progesterone-receptor negative) and HER2 negative. This type of cancer is more common in women with BRCA1 gene mutations. Researchers aren’t sure why, but this type of cancer also is more common among younger and African-American women.
• HER2-enriched breast cancer is hormone-receptor-negative (estrogen-receptor and progesterone-receptor negative) and HER2 positive. HER2-enriched cancers tend to grow faster than luminal cancers and can have a worse prognosis, but they are often successfully treated with targeted therapies aimed at the HER2 protein.
• Normal-like breast cancer is similar to luminal A disease: hormone-receptor positive (estrogen-receptor and/or progesterone-receptor positive), HER2 negative, and has low levels of the protein Ki-67, which helps control how fast cancer cells grow. Still, while normal-like breast cancer has a good prognosis, its prognosis is slightly worse than luminal A cancer’s prognosis.

Male Breast cancer

#Breast_Cancer #Types #Male_Breast_cancer #Advanced _than_Women_Breast_Cancer #growing_older #High_estrogen_levels #Klinefelter_syndrome #Radiation_exposure #Family_history #lump #Sore_nipple_areola #enalrged_lymph_nodes

Because breast cancer in men is rare, few cases are available to study. Most studies of men with breast cancer are very small. But when a number of these small studies are grouped together, we can learn more from them.
The risks factors for male breast cancer — particularly because men are not routinely screened for the disease and don't think about the possibility that they'll get it. As a result, breast cancer tends to be more advanced in men than in women when it is first detected.
A number of factors can increase a man's risk of getting breast cancer:

• Growing older: This is the biggest factor. Just as is the case for women, risk increases as age increases. The average age of men diagnosed with breast cancer is about 68.
• High estrogen levels: Breast cell growth — both normal and abnormal — is stimulated by the presence of estrogen. Men can have high estrogen levels as a result of:
  • taking hormonal medicines
  • being overweight, which increases the production of estrogen
  • having been exposed to estrogens in the environment
  • being heavy users of alcohol, which can limit the liver's ability to regulate blood estrogen levels
  • having liver disease, which usually leads to lower levels of androgens (male hormones) and higher levels of estrogen (female hormones). This increases the risk of developing gynecomastia (breast tissue growth that is non-cancerous) as well as breast cancer.

Klinefelter syndrome: Men with Klinefelter syndrome have lower levels of androgens (male hormones) and higher levels of estrogen (female hormones).
A strong family history of breast cancer or genetic mutations: Family history can increase the risk of breast cancer in men — particularly if other men in the family have had breast cancer.
Radiation exposure: If a man has been treated with radiation to the chest, such as for lymphoma, he has an increased risk of developing breast cancer.
 some signs to watch for:

• a lump felt in the breast
• nipple pain
• an inverted nipple
• nipple discharge (clear or bloody)
• sores on the nipple and areola (the small ring of color around the center of the nipple)
• enlarged lymph nodes under the arm

#Rare type of Breast Cancer #Breast cancer Summit 2019

#Inflammatory_Breast_Cancer #Aggressive #Swelling #Spreasd_Quickly #more_common_African_American_women #Also_Affect_men #Redness_breast #Swelling_breast #Warmth #Orange-peel_appearance #Flattening_nipple 



Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is a rare and aggressive form of breast cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, about 1% of all breast cancer cases in the United States are inflammatory breast cancers.
Inflammatory breast cancer usually starts with the reddening and swelling of the breast instead of a distinct lump. IBC tends to grow and spread quickly, with symptoms worsening within days or even hours. It’s important to recognize symptoms and seek prompt treatment. Although inflammatory breast cancer is a serious diagnosis, keep in mind that treatments today are better at controlling the disease than they used to be.
The average age at diagnosis of inflammatory breast cancer in the United States is 57 for white women and 52 for African American women. These ages are about 5 years younger than the average ages at diagnosis for other forms of breast cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, inflammatory breast cancer is more common in African American women. A 2008 study found that being overweight makes a person more likely to develop IBC. Like other forms of breast cancer, IBC can also affect men.

Common symptoms of IBC include:

Redness of the breast: Redness involving part or all of the breast is a hallmark of inflammatory breast cancer. Sometimes the redness comes and goes.
Swelling of the breast: Part of or all of the breast may be swollen, enlarged, and hard.
Warmth: The breast may feel warm.
Orange-peel appearance: Your breast may swell and start to look like the peel of a navel orange (this is called “peau d’orange”).
Other skin changes: The skin of the breast might look pink or bruised, or you may have what looks like ridges, welts, or hives on your breast.
Swelling of lymph nodes: The lymph nodes under your arm or above the collarbone may be swollen.
Flattening or inversion of the nipple: The nipple may go flat or turn inward.
Aching or burning: Your breast may ache or feel tender.

#Invasive Lobar carcinoma of Breast #Breast Cancer Summit 2019 #Kyoto #Japan

#Breast_cancer #types #Invasive_Lobar_Carcinoma #Infiltrating_Lobar_Carcinoma #swelling #Breast_pain #Nipple_Pain #Skin_irritation #Nipple_Discharge #redness


Invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC), sometimes called infiltrating lobular carcinoma, is the second most common type of breast cancer after invasive ductal carcinoma (cancer that begins in the milk-carrying ducts and spreads beyond it)
“invasive lobular carcinoma” refers to cancer that has broken through the wall of the lobule and begun to invade the tissues of the breast. Over time, invasive lobular carcinoma can spread to the lymph nodes and possibly to other areas of the body.
Although invasive lobular carcinoma can affect women at any age, it is more common as women grow older. According to the American Cancer Society, about two-thirds of women are 55 or older when they are diagnosed with an invasive breast cancer.
Some research has suggested that the use of hormone replacement therapy during and after menopause can increase the risk of ILC.

#Breast Cancer types #Track #Cribriform carcinoma of Breast

#Cancer #Breast cancer #types #IDC type #Cribriform Carcinoma of Breast #Invade Stroma #ducts #lobules #distinctive holes
In invasive cribriform carcinoma, the cancer cells invade the stroma (connective tissues of the breast) in nestlike formations between the ducts and lobules.


Within a tumour, there are distinctive holes between the cancer cells, making it look something like Swiss cheese.
Invasive cribriform carcinoma is usually low grade, meaning that its cells look and behave somewhat like normal, healthy breast cells. In about 5-6% of invasive breast cancers, some portion of a tumour can be considered cribriform. Usually, some ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the cribriform type is present as well.

IDC Type: Papillary Carcinoma of the Breast #Breast cancer Summit 2019

Invasive papillary carcinomas of the breast are rare, accounting for less than 1-2% of invasive breast cancers. In most cases, these types of tumours are diagnosed in older women who have already been through menopause. An invasive papillary carcinoma usually has a well-defined border and is made up of small, finger-like projections.

Often it is grade 2, or moderate grade, on a scale of 1 to 3 — with grade 1 describing cancer cells that look and behave somewhat like normal, healthy breast cells, and grade 3 describing very abnormal, fast-growing cancer cells. In most cases of invasive papillary carcinoma, ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is also present. (DCIS is a type of cancer in which the carcinoma cells are confined to the breast duct.)

IDC TYPE: Mucinous Carcinoma of Breast

#Breast_cancer #Types #IDC_Type #MUCINOUS_CARCINOMA_BREAST #Colloid_Carcinoma #Milk_Duct #Mucus #Physical_Exam #Ultrasound #Mammogram #MRI #Biopsy

Mucinous carcinoma of the breast — sometimes called colloid carcinoma — is a rare form of invasive ductal carcinoma (cancer that begins in the milk duct and spreads beyond it into nearby healthy tissue). In this type of cancer, the tumour is made up of abnormal cells that “float” in pools of mucin, a key ingredient in the slimy, slippery substance known as mucus.


In mucinous carcinoma, however, mucin becomes part of a tumour and surrounds the breast cancer cells. Under a microscope, it looks like the cancer cells are scattered throughout pools of mucus. Although mucinous carcinoma can be diagnosed at any age, it tends to affect women after they’ve gone through menopause.

• A physical examination of the breasts. Your doctor may be able to feel the lump in the breast, or you may feel it yourself during a breast self-exam.
• A mammogram to locate a tumour and check for evidence of cancer in other areas of the breast. A screening mammogram often can detect a mucinous carcinoma, but it typically looks like a benign (non-cancerous) breast lump.
• Ultrasound uses sound waves to obtain images of breast tissue.
• MRI to obtain additional images of the breast and check for other areas of cancer.
• A biopsy involves making a small incision and taking out all of a tumour or using a needle to remove tissue samples from the suspicious area, for examination under a microscope.

#IDC TYPE CARCINOMA soft, fleshy mass that resembles a part of brain called medulla

Medullary carcinoma of the breast is a rare subtype of invasive ductal carcinoma (cancer that begins in the milk duct and spreads beyond it), accounting for about 3-5% of all cases of breast cancer. It is called “medullary” carcinoma because a tumour is a soft, fleshy mass that resembles a part of the brain called the medulla.


Medullary carcinoma is more common in women who have a BRCA1 mutation. Studies have shown that medullary carcinoma is also more common in Japan than in the United States.

Medullary carcinoma cells are usually high-grade in their appearance and low-grade in their behaviour. In other words, they look like aggressive, highly abnormal cancer cells, but they don’t act like them. Medullary carcinoma doesn’t grow quickly and usually doesn’t spread outside the breast to the lymph nodes. For this reason, it’s typically easier to treat than other types of breast cancer.

#IDC: Tubular carcinoma #Breast cancer Summit 2019

#Breast cancer #types #Invasive Subtype #TUBULAR CARCINOMA #Breastmilk duct #Tubules #Grow Slowly #large lump #firm #Hard Lumps



Tubular carcinoma of the breast is a subtype of invasive ductal carcinoma(cancer that begins inside the breast's milk duct and spreads beyond it into healthy tissue). Tubular carcinomas are usually small (about 1 cm or less) and made up of tube-shaped structures called "tubules." These tumours tend to be low-grade, meaning that their cells look somewhat similar to normal, healthy cells and tend to grow slowly.
Like other types of breast cancer, tubular carcinoma of the breast may not cause any symptoms at first. Over time, a lump may grow large enough to be felt during breast self-exam or examination by a doctor. Tubular carcinomas are usually small — 1 cm or less in diameter — and feel firm or hard to the touch.

Invasive Ductal Carcinoma #Breast Cancer Summit 2019

#Breast Cancer #Types #InvasiveDuctal carcinoma #Broken_wall #milk_duck #new_lump #Skin_irritation #Breast_pain #nipple_turning_inward #Scalines_nipple #redness #nipple_discharge


“invasive ductal carcinoma” refers to cancer that has broken through the wall of the milk duct and begun to invade the tissues of the breast. Over time, invasive ductal carcinoma can spread to the lymph nodes and possibly to other areas of the body. In some cases, the first sign of invasive ductal carcinoma is a new lump or mass in the breast that you or your doctor can feel.

• skin irritation or dimpling
• breast pain
• nipple pain or the nipple turning inward
• redness, scaliness, or thickening of the nipple or breast skin
• a nipple discharge other than breast milk
• a lump in the underarm area

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is non-invasive breast cancer. Ductal means that the cancer starts inside the milk ducts, carcinoma refers to any cancer that begins in the skin or other tissues (including breast tissue) that cover or line the internal organs, and in situ means "in its original place." DCIS is called "non-invasive" because it hasn’t spread beyond the milk duct into any normal surrounding breast tissue. DCIS isn’t life-threatening, but having DCIS can increase the risk of developing an invasive breast cancer later on.
Women who have breast-conserving surgery (lumpectomy) for DCIS without radiation therapy have about a 25% to 30% chance of having a recurrence at some point in the future. Including radiation therapy in the treatment plan after surgery drops the risk of recurrence to about 15%. Learn what additional steps you can take to lower your risk of a new breast cancer diagnosis or a recurrence in the Lower Your Risk section. If breast cancer does come back after earlier DCIS treatment, the recurrence is non-invasive (DCIS again) about half the time and invasive about half the time

Breast Cancer Summit 2019

 #Breast cancer #having patient advocates involved helps research team keep the patient in mind in the midst of trying to solve complex biomedical problems.
Patient advocates will review proposals and provide feedback on how the study is likely to impact patients and what the result could be if the drug or treatment approach is ultimately approved.

Breast Cancer Summit 2019

Inflammatory breast cancer is a rare and very aggressive disease in which cancer cells block lymph vessels in the skin of the breast. This type of breast cancer is called “inflammatory” because the breast often looks swollen and red, or inflamed.

Inflammatory breast cancer is rare, accounting for 1 to 5 percent of all breast cancers diagnosed in the United States. Most inflammatory breast cancers are invasive ductal carcinomas, which means they developed from cells that line the milk ducts of the breast and then spread beyond the ducts.
Inflammatory breast cancer progresses rapidly, often in a matter of weeks or months. At diagnosis, inflammatory breast cancer is either stage III or IV disease, depending on whether cancer cells have spread only to nearby lymph nodes or to other tissues as well.
Additional features of inflammatory breast cancer include the following:

• Compared with other types of breast cancer, inflammatory breast cancer tends to be diagnosed at younger ages.
• Inflammatory breast cancer is more common and diagnosed at younger ages in African American women than in white women.
• Inflammatory breast tumors are frequently hormone receptor negative, which means they cannot be treated with hormone therapies, such as tamoxifen, that interfere with the growth of cancer cells fueled by estrogen.
• Inflammatory breast cancer is more common in obese women than in women of normal weight. 

9th World Congress on Breast Cancer and Therapies

HER2-positive breast cancer is a breast cancer that tests positive for a protein called human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), which promotes the growth of cancer cells.

In about 1 of every 5 breast cancers, the cancer cells have a gene mutation that makes an excess of the HER2 protein. HER2-positive breast cancers tend to be more aggressive than other types of breast cancer. They're less likely to be sensitive to hormone therapy, though many people with HER2-positive breast cancer can still benefit from hormone therapy.

 

Treatments that specifically target HER2 are very effective. These treatments are so effective that the prognosis for HER2-positive breast cancer is actually quite good.
Treatments include:

• Ado-trastuzumab emtansine (Kadcyla)
• Lapatinib (Tykerb)
• Neratinib (Nerlynx)
• Pertuzumab (Perjeta)
• Trastuzumab (Herceptin)

9th World Congress on Breast Cancer and Therapies

IS BREAST CANCER DIAGNOSIS VIA text message next? A new study finds women with breast cancer are increasingly likely to receive their diagnoses by phone rather than a face-to-face conversation with their doctor.

Nearly 60 per cent of women now learns of their breast cancer diagnoses by phone, compared to one-quarter of women in 2007.

Women who received the news over that phone were more likely to have family and friends identified as support members and were somewhat more likely to have localized breast cancer, rather than invasive or spreading cancer. A few women in the study had requested to receive a phone diagnosis.

An earlier study found a mismatch between women's preferences and the reality of how they received their breast cancer diagnoses. Of about 785 breast cancer survivors, only 39 per cent were given the diagnosis face-to-face, although half of the participants would have chosen that method.
For many women in that study, avoiding suspense was important, with more than 80 per cent preferring to receive their cancer biopsy results within two days. However, only 40 per cent of participants found out their results that quickly.

Breast Cancer Summit 2019

The drug combination, arsenic trioxide (Trisenox)and tretinoin (also known as retinoic acid), has essentially turned acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL) from a fatal disease into a curable one. But the mechanism by which it kills cancer cells has been a mystery.
In an earlier study, Kun Ping Lu, M.D., Ph.D., and Xiao Zhen Zhou, M.D., of Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, in Boston, and their colleagues found that retinoic acid inhibits the key enzyme, Pin1. Now, they've found that arsenic also blocks Pin1, and the combination of the two drugs inhibits the enzyme more effectively than either drug alone